BOOKS:
George, J.B., et al. (1996). Nursing Theories: The base of professional nursing practice. 3rd edition.
Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton and Lange.
ONLINE:
http://www.nursingascaring.com/
www.scribd.com/doc/63196184/Nursing-Theories-Nursing-Practice
Thursday, July 5, 2012
Wednesday, July 4, 2012
METAPARADIGM
By Joanna Mae
Macrohon, Abner Loriaga
Boykin and Schoenhofer’s theory did not fully describe health but then it is believed that overall health is achieved with the application of caring in all matters that deals with the patient. Since this Theory of Caring is a grand theory, it can be used in collaboration with other theories that further help a patient to improve the quality of nursing care given to them so that they can achieve overall health.
The Theory of Caring as Nursing suggest that a person should have an environment that radiates a sense of nurturing atmosphere which helps an individual to grow in caring while revealing the richness of nursing.
Nursing, based on the Theory of Caring as Nursing, is said to be a discipline and a profession. It focuses on the idea of nursing as being grounded by caring and that nursing revolves around caring people not just physically but in all aspects as well. The theory also shows that the essence of caring is most essential in the process of providing a holistic care needed by the patient.
The theory
of Nursing as Caring is a general or grand nursing theory that offers a broad
philosophical framework with practical implications for transforming practice.
(Boykin, et al., 2003). From the perspective of Nursing as Caring, the focus
and aim of nursing as a discipline of knowledge and a professional service is
“nurturing persons living caring and growing in caring” (Boykin and
Schoenhofer, 2001). The theory is grounded in fundamental assumptions that (1)
to be human is to be caring and (2) the activities of the discipline and
profession of nursing coalesce in coming to know persons as caring and
nurturing them as persons living and growing in caring.(Tomey and Allingood,
Nursing Theories, 2006).
Formed intention and authentic presence guide the nurse in
selecting and organizing empirically based knowledge for practical use in each
unique and unfolding nursing situations. Because caring is uniquely created in
the moment in response to a uniquely experienced call for nursing caring, there
can be no prescribed, expected outcome of nursing as caring since responses can
be highly individualized and varied. However, the caring that is experienced by
the nursed and others in the nursing situation can be described and valued.
Caring in nursing is altruistic, an active expression of love is the
intentional and embodied recognition of value and connectedness. Although
caring is not unique to nursing, it is uniquely lived in nursing. The
understanding of nursing as a discipline and a profession uniquely focus on
caring as its central value, its primary interest and the direct intention of
practice.
The view that caring preludes the transformation of nursing practices exposes and demonstrates the value of nursing in the evidenced-based practice milieu of modern health care. Evidence supports associations between professional nursing and quality of health care outcomes. Conceptual and theoretical linkages in the model are identified and ties to indicators providing logical consistency needed for validation. This helps to translate the hidden work of nursing into objective work that can be tested. Scientifically demonstrating its worth will advance professional nursing while simultaneously improving quality of health care. Nursing sensitive outcomes reflects an established link to the availability and quality of professional nursing services which may include variables such as, health status, patient safety, satisfaction and comfort , increased in knowledge and quality of life.
The view that caring preludes the transformation of nursing practices exposes and demonstrates the value of nursing in the evidenced-based practice milieu of modern health care. Evidence supports associations between professional nursing and quality of health care outcomes. Conceptual and theoretical linkages in the model are identified and ties to indicators providing logical consistency needed for validation. This helps to translate the hidden work of nursing into objective work that can be tested. Scientifically demonstrating its worth will advance professional nursing while simultaneously improving quality of health care. Nursing sensitive outcomes reflects an established link to the availability and quality of professional nursing services which may include variables such as, health status, patient safety, satisfaction and comfort , increased in knowledge and quality of life.
Person
Anne Boykin and Sarvina Schoenhofer’s Theory of Caring as Nursing gives
emphasis in the fundamental idea that all persons are caring; that to be a
human means to be caring; and that being a person is living in caring. Caring
is innate to an individual and that a person lives their lives growing the
capacity of caring.
Health
Boykin and Schoenhofer’s theory did not fully describe health but then it is believed that overall health is achieved with the application of caring in all matters that deals with the patient. Since this Theory of Caring is a grand theory, it can be used in collaboration with other theories that further help a patient to improve the quality of nursing care given to them so that they can achieve overall health.
Environment
The Theory of Caring as Nursing suggest that a person should have an environment that radiates a sense of nurturing atmosphere which helps an individual to grow in caring while revealing the richness of nursing.
Nursing, based on the Theory of Caring as Nursing, is said to be a discipline and a profession. It focuses on the idea of nursing as being grounded by caring and that nursing revolves around caring people not just physically but in all aspects as well. The theory also shows that the essence of caring is most essential in the process of providing a holistic care needed by the patient.
KEY CONCEPTS
BY: Leona Paula Macalintal and Venice Joy T. Malonzo
Anne Boykin and Savina Shoenhofer’s theory on caring as the major focus of nursing further conceptualizes other key concepts related to their theory and that is on the concept of PERSONHOOD. According to their theory,
Persons are caring by virtue of their humanness. It reiterates that our caring values are inborn to us, humans.
Personhood is living life grounded in
caring. We uphold the values on caring which we have experienced from the
beginning and these in turn, mold us to practice that same experience towards
the ones we care for. We believe that since we were cared for, we need to let
others also experience the feeling of being cared and nurtured.
Personhood is enhanced through
participating in nurturing relationships with caring others. Our
personhood is further developed when we are given opportunities to nurture that
relationship and value of caring by serving others and caring for them like a
family member. Nursing, for instance, is one of the profession in which we can
truly exemplify that value.
Persons living their caring moment to moment. It means that our caring character is a GIFT that will carry until
death. People might forget the names, faces but the way how they were taken
care, how they were treated during state of hopelessness, how their lives were
touch will always be cherished.
Persons are whole or complete in the moment. It means that physical, spiritual and emotional aspects will join together as one and the level of holistic as well
Nursing is both discipline and a profession. It focuses on nurturing. Living in caring and growing in caring in the nursing situation.
It means the way of acquiring knowledge and putting it into practice.
Persons are whole or complete in the moment. It means that physical, spiritual and emotional aspects will join together as one and the level of holistic as well
Nursing is both discipline and a profession. It focuses on nurturing. Living in caring and growing in caring in the nursing situation.
It means the way of acquiring knowledge and putting it into practice.
The basic premise of this theory is that all
humans are caring persons, that to be human is to be called to live one’s
innate caring nature.
Caring is the intentional and authentic
presence of the nurse with another who is recognized as a person living, caring
and growing in caring.
The idea of caring is an essential feature
and expression of being human and is central in this theory.
The nurse endeavors to come to know the
other as a caring person and seeks to understand how that person might be
sustained, supported, and strengthened in their unique process of living caring
and growing caring
NURSING SITUATION
Nursing takes place in the nursing
situation. The idea of the nursing situation is conceptualized as the shared,
lived experience in which caring between the nurse and the nursed enhances
personhood and is the locus of all that is known and done in nursing.
Nursing situation is a construct in the
mind of the nurse and is present whenever the intent of the nurse is to nurse.
The practice of nursing, and thus the practical knowledge of nursing, is
situated in the relational locus of person-with-person caring in the nursing
situation. The nursing situation involves the expression of values, intentions,
and actions of two or more persons choosing to live a nursing relationship
PERSONHOOD
Personhood is understood to mean living
grounded in caring
Is the universal human call.
This implies that the fullness of being
human is expressed in living caring uniquely day to day and enhanced through
participation in caring relationship.
Is a process of living caring and growing
in caring and implies being authentic, demonstrating congruence between beliefs
and behaviours, and living out the meaning of one’s life.
NURSING RESPONSE
Is a specific expression of caring
nurturance in order to sustain and enhance the person himself. The nurse
responds through a caring attitude and the person being cared for recognizes
that caring attitude and appreciates and acknowledges it.---
MAJOR CONCEPTS
By:
Sally Lleva,Katherine Mallon,Hareen Lumabas
PERSON: All persons are caring, has as its
focus a general call to nurture persons as they live caring uniquely and grow
as caring persons even when not all chosen actions of the person live up to the
ideal to which we are called to the virtue of our humanness. The theory of
nursing as caring asserts that it is only through recognizing and responding to
the other as a caring person that nursing is created and personhood enhanced.
The idea that persons are whole and complete.
It is illuminated as living grounded
in caring
Person as person – Acknowledges
the uniquenesses and special gifts of each individual. Means we are committed
to knowing and responding to that which truly matters. There is a commitment to
listening and reflecting on our knowing.
Person as Caring - The assumption
that all people are caring implies that caring is a way of living our
humanness. Caring is an innate human quality which is at various points of
development in each individual. It is a process, and people throughout life
grow in their ability to express caring. Caring can be express in different
ways like knowing, courage, hope, patience, trust, humility and honesty.
Person as a whole – Is a view that simply
recognizes that at all times that people are whole-never parts. This
perspective is very important to nursing practice because it precludes any
attempt to nurse simply a diagnosis or afflicted part. The whole is in the
part. Therefore, to nurse is to nurse the wholeness of a person. This
assumption values and respects each person’s beauty, worth and uniqueness “as
one seeks to understand fully the meaning of values, choices, priority systems
through which values are expressed”.
The importance of person as
person, of person as caring, and of person as a whole.
HEALTH: a well-being state of a person. In
this theory, health did not fully describe but we can attain overall health
thru proper caring in all aspects of life.
ENVIRONMENT: Nurturing persons living
caring and growing in caring. Committed intention to promote a healthy and
caring environment. Defines situational to any context that is influenced by
the client
NURSING: Both a discipline and a
profession is affirmed as nurse draws on a set of values and a developed
knowledge of nursing as caring to actively offer his presence in service to the
nursed. The point of departure was the acceptance that caring is the end,
rather than the means, of nursing, and the intention of nursing rather than
merely its instrument. This work lead to the focus of nursing as “nurturing
persons living caring and growing in caring.
The Theorist
BACKGROUND AND CREDENTIALS OF THE THEORIST:
By Jhoana Lurian and Lei Kristel Lontoc
ANNE BOYKIN
ANNE BOYKIN
Anne Boykin grew
up in Kaukauna, Wisconsin, the eldest of six children. She begun her career in
nursing in 1966, graduating from Alverno College in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. She
received her, master’s degree from Emory University Atlanta, Georgia, and her
doctorate from Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. South Florida
became her home in 1981 and, today, continues to enchant and nourish her love
for the natural life. Dr. Boykin is married to Steve Staudenmeyer, and they
have four children.
Anne Boykin is dean and professor of the Christine E.
Lynn College of Nursing at Florida Atlantic University. She is the director of
the Christine E. Lynn Center for Caring, which is housed in the College of
Nursing. This center was created for the purpose of humanizing care through the
integration of teaching, research, and service. Boykin has demonstrated a
longstanding commitment to the advancement of knowledge in the discipline,
especially regarding the phenomenon of caring.
Positions she has held within the International
Association for Human Caring include president elect (1990 - 1993 ), president
( 1993-1996 ) and member of the nominating committee (1997 - 1999 ). As
immediate past president, she served as coeditor of the journal, International
Association for Human Caring, from 1996 to 1999.
Boykin's scholarly work is centered on caring as the
grounding for nursing. This is evidenced in her book ( coauthored with
Schoenhofer). Nursing as Caring: A Model for Transforming Practice (1993,
2001a), and the book, Living a Caring-Based Program (1994b). The latter book
illustrates how caring grounds the development of a nursing program from
creating the environment for study through evaluation. In addition to these
books Dr. Boykin is editor of Power, Politics and Public Policy: A Matter of
Caring (1995) and co-editor ( along with Gaut) of Caring as Healing: Renewal
Through Hope (1994). She has also written numerous book chapters and articles
and serves as a consultant locally, regionally, nationally, and internationally
on the topic of caring.
She was honored with the 2009 Visionary
Caring Science Award by the Watson Caring Science Institute. The Watson Caring
Science Institute is anon-profit foundation whose mission is to continue and
expand the nature and depth of the work of Caring and healing in health care.
Currently, she and Dr.Shoenhofer are engaged in a two-year funded demonstration
project. The purpose of this project is to demonstrate the value of a model for
health care delivery in an acute care setting that is intentionally grounded in
Nursing as Caring.
Message from Ms. Anne Boykin
SAVINA O. SCHOENHOFER
Savina
Schoenhofer was born the second child and eldest daughter in a family of nine
children and spent her formative years on the family cattle ranch in Kansas.
She is named for her maternal grandfather, who was a classical musician in
Kansas City, Missouri. She has a daughter, Carrie and a grand-daughter Emma.
During the 1960s, Schoenhofer spent 3 years in the
Amazon region of Brazil, working as a volunteer in a community development. Her
initial nursing study was at Wichita University, where she earned undergraduate
degrees in nursing, psychology and counselling. She completed a Ph.D. In
educational foundations and administration at Kansas State University in 1983.
In 1990, Schoenhofer co-founded Nightingale Songs, an early venue for
communicating the beauty of nursing in poetry and prose.An early study made it
apparent to Schoenhofer that caring was the service that patients
overwhelmingly recognized. In addition to her work on caring, including coauthorship
with Boykin of Nursing as Caring: A Model for Transforming Practice (1993,
2001a), Schoenhofer has written numerous articles on nursing values, primary
care, nursing education, support, touch, personnel management in nursing homes
and mentoring.
Her career in nursing has been influenced
significantly by three colleagues: Lt. Col. Ann Ashjian (Ret.), whose community
nursing practice in Brazil presented an inspiring model of nursing; Marilyn E.
Parker, Ph.D., a faculty colleague who mentored her in the idea of nursing as a
discipline, the academic role in higher education, and the world of nursing
theories and theorists; and Anne Boykin, Ph.D., who introduced her to caring as
a substantive field of nursing study. Schoenhofer created and manages the Web
site and discussion forum on the theory of Nursing as Caring. She is currently
a professor of graduate nursing at the Cora S. Balmat School of Nursing, Alcorn
State University, Natchez, Mississippi, and lives her commitment and passion
for illuminating the study of nursing as caring.
Dr. Shoenhofer is a co-founder of the nursing aesthetics publication, Nightingale Songs.Her research and publication were in the areas of everyday caring, outcomes of caring in nursing, nursing values, nursing home management, and affectional touch.
Introduction
By: Mercy Joy Lubiano
Caring and nursing most of the times are being thought in synonymous manner because caring in the nursing profession takes place in every nurse-patient interaction. Congruently in order to be a good nurse, we must have in-depth knowledge about caring and competent skills in putting it into practice. Caring is a vital part and one of the major focus in nursing, that's why there are many of nurse theorists/leaders who created nursing theories with caring as one of their key concepts like Jean Watson and Lydia Hall. There are many other nurse theorists/leaders who mentioned caring as part of their theories, but we'll focus mainly on the work of Anne Boykin and Savina Shoenhofer.
Together, Anne Boykin and Savina Shoenhofe created a grand nursing theory, which is the Theory of Nursing as Caring that states persons are caring by virtues of their humanness and live their caring moment to moment when they are whole and complete. For them, person-hood is living life grounded in caring and is being enhanced through caring for others. The basic premise of this theory is that all humans are caring person and nursing is both a discipline and a profession.
In this theory we'll learn to appreciate our innate ability to touch the lives of our needy patients through the care we are providing them. It also introduces the efficiency of using of our human potentials to help and give care naturally. Truly, there are a lot of ways on how we can show our patients that we care, like giving hope, implementing nursing interventions, keeping our patient's privacy, communicating therapeutically, promoting comfort, establishing a warm and peaceful environment, giving medicines correctly, providing health teaching, listening attentively and even through simple ways like calling them by their own names.
To help us more in exploring the concept of caring we presented in this blog the details about Anne Boykin and Savina Shoenhofer's Theory of Nursing as Caring, its accomplishments, contributions, major concepts, key concepts, nursing process application including its strengths and weaknesses.
CONTRIBUTION OF
THE THEORY IN HUMANITY
By : Marites
Lingkob
Nursing as
CARING
To Nursing
Practice: The focus of nursing
... is person as living in caring and growing in care (Boykin & Schoenhofer,1993
pg.25). Nursing practice has been influenced by this idea. The challenge is not
to discover what is missing ,weakened or disabled but to know that the other
person is a caring individual and to nurture that person in situation-
specific, creative and individualized caring ways. We will not consider nursing
as a complicated process of acts that will result to a predictable end product
but rather an inherent process of unfolding and guided intention.
To Nursing
Administration: Nursing
profession has subspecialties and administration is one of the area. All
activities under nursing administration are concerned for creating, maintaining
and supporting an environment which calls for nursing. Administration is
directly and indirectly involved in multiple nursing situations, whether to
nurse individual (as they uniquely responds to the calls) or to assist a nurse
as they deliver care. Nurses in the administration formulate and implement
policies within the organization to help them understand the goal/ focus of
nursing and to make sure that the resources are available.
To Nursing
Education: Understanding
humanhood is a way of living grounded in caring and is enhanced by
participating in nurturing relationships with caring others thus, affirming
that nursing is both a discipline and profession. In teaching nursing, teachers
guide students to know, appreciate and celebrate both self and others as caring
persons. Students and teachers are in continual search to discover wider
implication of caring as uniquely expressed in nursing. Examples are clearly
stated on the book living as caring based Program by Boykin, 1994.
To Nursing
Research & Development: The
caring theory influenced nursing researcher and developer to explore and
illuminate the patterns of caring personality. Dialogue, description and
innovations in interpretation approach characterize research methods. Nursing
science from a caring perspective is a human science that may require newer and
different ways of defining nursing.
APPRECIATION OF THE THEORY:
By: Marites Macapagal
The Theory of Nursing as Caring: A Model for Transforming Practice authored by Anne Boykin and Savina O. Schoenhofer tackle about the interaction of a nurse to the client as well as the relationship to the personhood. Their Theory has a big contribution to the nursing profession because the Theory stated about caring. We all know that a nurse itself will nourish to the client whether ill or well. The one will provide assistance and guidance until the client will fully recovered from illness. It is her/his duty and responsibility to ensure the good health and proper client's needs. The significance of Boykin and Schoenhofer's Theory to the other Theories is the closeness and it is related to our personal life. How we treat and give importance to a person showing our care to them especially if it is one of the member of the family. But the Theory tell us not only to our family we will show our care but to the personhood as well. Especially those who needs our service moment to moment in any status of life.
Being a nurse is not an easy job. It takes time to understand the situation and how to facilitate the needs of the client. How to perform directly and surely to be able to make a right process in every task, especially when you are in the field of actual demostration that you have to decide independently. To act like a professional one. Giving your confidence can help to a nurse to succeed and show that you are competent like other in the same profession. It is not easy but the feeling that you've helped the client to recover from illness is the best achievement that you received, and even a simple word of "Thank You" that can make you smile and a feeling of enjoyment. That's how a nurse give a full interaction between the client and the each member of a client's family and also the member of health team.
Strength and Limitations
by: JOEY MAGUNDAYAO AND BERNADETTE LEGASPI
Anne Boykin’s Nursing as Caring Theory is a grand nursing theory that
can be used a framework to guide nursing practice. It defines the standard role
of a nurse. Nurses intentionally care for an individual which causes them to
grow in caring. Nurses support, sustain, strengthen process of caring and
growing in care. Nurse must be present, actively listening, sensitive to broad
range of situations.
The focus on caring abilities of a nurse is a primary strength which was
given emphasis on the theory of Nursing as Caring. The assumptions presented by
Boykin and Schoenhofer sounds analytical and acceptable. In addition, concepts
and explanations are concise and easily understandable. Personality and
character of the nurse affects the type and quality of care we are giving to
our patients. Each nurse delivers his own care depending on the personhood,
value and character. Boykin and Schoenhofer stated that personhood is enhanced through
participating in nurturing relationships with caring others. Our continuous nurturing
experiences and encounters with the patient will help develop and improve our
caring abilities. The relationship that will be gained through nurse-client
interaction using this theory will be extraordinary and unremarkable because we
treat and give care to our patient as if they were our love ones. However, this
may lead to development of emotional attachment to patients which may be a
weakness of the theory. This theory can be used not only by nurses but by
everyone who cares. Nursing education will take a little part in this theory
since caring is a virtue and innate to humans as declared by Boykin and
Schoenhofer.
As a grand theory of Nursing as Caring, another major strength is it can
be used with any other theory regardless of time and place. The nurse must know
oneself regarding his own caring capabilities. The elements that make a
holistic individual whole and complete were not enumerated. But viewing the
person as a whole, it means we are respecting and keeping the dignity of the
patient. In line with this, every patient has their own unique qualities and
needs which means they need individualized care not depending on listed
standards of health provided by other theorists. In this theory, the nurse is
expected to initiate, offer and give care with or without a perceived deficit
or need. In addition, because it is a helping model, it celebrates the fullness
of life and human being.
However, there are limited explanations regarding the concepts of a
person, man, environment and nursing. The incompatibility of nursing process to
this theory may be considered a limitation since all of us are using the
nursing process in our profession. Nevertheless, theory is highly applicable,
useful and much effective if used together with other theories. It will surely
make a difference in the recovery of our patients and positive feedbacks will
be received.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)